Performance Management Process

Notwithstanding the size of a substance or the sort of business an association is engaged with, it is significant for any association to have the necessary instruments to gauge the advancement and productivity of its representatives, as far as their work output.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on Performance Management Process explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Managing employees’ execution ought to be one of the fundamental obligations of an organization’s human asset office, as representatives are the essential determinant of an organization’s level of achievement. Inability to have legitimate instruments to check employees’ execution may not just imperil the capacity of an association to meet its essential objectives, yet additionally, it might make it difficult for an association to satisfy its clients’ needs. In this manner, every once in a while it is significant for an association to assess its e mployees’ level and nature of work yield, as this is one of the essential methods of guaranteeing that an association adjusts its essential objectives and formative plans with its employee’s level of expertise capability and abilities, while valuing its employees’ endeavors. To accomplish this, most associations ordinarily utilize two essential procedures specifically execution the board and execution evaluation guarantee that their associations are running easily. In spite of the fact that these are two related devices of estimating employees’ level of work execution, they vary from multiple points of view, for instance, in their efficient methodologies (U.S. Branch of the Interior, 1995, pp. 4-5). Contrasts between Performance Management and Performance Appraisal Performance the executives is a procedure of distinguishing and estimating the work yield of representatives utilizing execution information to guarantee that an association achieves its set ta rgets daily.Advertising Looking for research paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A viable exhibition the executives program should assist an association with improving its degree of execution, recognize the necessities to accomplish any set objectives, and give the necessary criticisms to assist an association with formulating and actualize the necessary estimates that will advance its employee’s government assistance. Most organization’s execution the board frameworks are organized so that they will assist with explaining an organization’s essential objectives, aid the administration of various specialists, and arrange the necessary preparing and projects to fulfill the ever-changing needs of an association. Further, execution the board essentially centers around explicit components inside a substance, for instance, the general yield level of an association and the stag es engaged with an associations creation process (Hawkes, 1998, pp. 1-4). In spite of this, execution evaluation is a normal procedure of surveying employees’ level of execution yearly. It is ordinarily done by supervisors, and its essential objective is to find out the work execution as far as yield and quality on a yearly premise. Because of these, execution evaluation is a piece of an organization’s execution the board framework that is ordinarily done on a yearly premise (Lingham, 2007, p.1). Another factor that separated exhibition examination from a presentation the board framework is the idea of the administrative undertakings, which supervisors should do. For associations with a working exhibition the executives framework, chiefs should go about as mentors, as they should direct and drive representatives to accomplish the set authoritative goals.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on Performance Management Process explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More A supervisor should accomplish this by setting sensible and feasible targets, guaranteeing the necessary assets are accessible, and planning a technique for assessing work execution inside the specified time. Then again, in execution evaluation, the supervisory group should expect a judge’s job, as they should direct some type of eye to eye interviews intended to learn employees’ work execution principles. In addition, the vis-à-vis interviews is intended to find employees’ qualities and shortcomings. This data is fundamental during the time spent detailing the essential measures, which an association ought to embrace to assist its workers with maximizing their possibilities (Lingharm, 1998, Para 2-3). The third distinction between execution evaluation and execution the executives is their efficient methodologies when managing workers. The greater part of the systems utilized in execution examination are increasingly organized an d formal when contrasted with those applied in the last case. Execution evaluation strategies have distinct zones of execution that they should quantify, contingent upon an organization’s targets, structure, and occupation association. Likewise, most of these are set superior levels, since they should show representatives what is expected of them and what they should accomplish for them to meet such expectations.Advertising Searching for research paper on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The essential strategies that are utilized by most associations in their presentation evaluation frameworks incorporate the utilization of composed expositions, relative measures, for instance, matched positioning and outright principles. In opposition to this, most procedures applied in execution the board are adaptable, in light of the fact that this is a day by day or week by week schedule practice. This approach’s fundamental execution targets are rules, despite the fact that much of the time it is adaptable to the measure of work a representative can perform on an every day or week after week premise. To accomplish the ideal outcomes, under a presentation the executives framework a director must set desires, assemble information, perform assessments, and give criticism to workers (Lingham, 2007, Para 3-12). All in all, in spite of the fact that this procedure may have some basic contrasts, appropriation of the two techniques is urgent for the prosperity of any association , as it will give an association a possibility of finding out its employees’ ability capability and gifts; figure measures to expand workers; possibilities, augment an associations level of yield, and recognize representatives endeavors. References Hawkes, D. J. 1998. Work instrument number 4: execution the board. Web. Lingham, L. 2007. HR. Allexperts. Web. U.S. Branch of Interior. 1995. Execution evaluation handbook; a manual for administrators, managers and workers. Web. This exploration paper on Performance Management Process was composed and put together by client Maxton Mejia to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Discussion 1-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conversation 1-2 - Essay Example Other generally utilized MS Office applications incorporate the Power Point for introductions, Access for overseeing database, and Publisher for distributing different records or plans. There are numerous points of interest of MS Office Applications. One of the benefits of MS Office is that it has all the parts that might be required for use inside an old style office. Other than having tremendous number of highlights, MS Office has no degenerate records notwithstanding the way that the auto recuperation capacity can be utilized in ensuring that any archive isn't lost to its sum (Habraken 10). Despite the fact that MS Office has different points of interest, there are a few bad marks or disadvantages related with the equivalent. For example, MS Office has similarity issues. There are adaptations that are not perfect with some working frameworks. The above table was gotten from exceed expectations. The Excel was utilized to discover the all out number of eggs for breakfast contingent upon the quantity of individuals from the family present in a given day. Every relative needs to expend 2 eggs for breakfast. Thusly, a capacity was created to discover the complete number of eggs that would be required as the number relatives change. The equation was to increase the quantity of relatives and the eggs per part.

Complete Sitebuilder Review A Guide To Sitebuilder for 2020

Complete Sitebuilder Review A Guide To Sitebuilder for 2020 .elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on February 18, 2020There are tons and tons of website builder platforms available for your site these days. It can be very difficult to know which one is the right choice for your business. That’s why you can find reviews for a lot of the top choices available right here on our site. Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert Our Sitebuilder reviews are going to answer those questions for you. We have put together a comprehensive guide to Sitebuilder and will be comparing the features and analyzing my own experience to bring you an accurate rating and why I chose those numbers.You might also like: DIY website Table of Contents What is Sitebuilder?In depth Sitebuilder reviewRegistryTemplate designMediaCustomizationFeaturesThird-party appsCustomer serv iceOur Sitebuilder review conclusionWhat is Sitebuilder?Sitebuilder is a very basic website builder that lets you sacrifice the ability to grow large and customize your brand for the convenience of getting online quickly without any knowledge of coding or design.These platforms tend to range in scalability and difficulty, and beginners usually gravitate towards the basic platforms. But, it is expected that they will eventually outgrow them.There isn’t anything completely wrong with their system or structure, but there isn’t much that stands out either. There’s a reason that this name gets lost in the crowd. It’s not bad enough to tank in the reviews, but it doesn’t have any special features to distinguish it from other platforms.The other issue is that it doesn’t scale. Plenty of site builders offer some basic features, but most of them will scale with your brand as you grow in popularity, allowing for growth. Their more advanced programs can easily cover large brands an d e-commerce features.With Sitebuilder, their most advanced plans still offer only basic features and don’t allow for extensive customization. You will have to transfer away from the site when you get big enough.In depth Sitebuilder reviewLet’s take a look at some of the reasons this platform rates lower than its competitors in Sitebuilder reviews.RegistryGetting started is pretty easy, and that’s by design. You can log in with social media accounts to save time and energy filling in contact information, but once you do, they take you to the payment screen. If you’re not using the free plan, you will be charged up front for your plan before they let you start building.Template designA guided tour then takes you through the template system and helps you find a starting point for your site. These prefabricated templates make it much easier to work on your site when you’re not accustomed to coding.They do have tons of options for templates. With literally hundreds to choose f rom, each organized according to their category, you can easily find the right one for your needs. In fact, they even categorize some popular niche and evergreen markets, like weddings, and offer specific templates for bloggers. Get a real hosted site for only $2.64/month here MediaOne of the nice things about Sitebuilder is that it has a library full of stock images that you can use for free. You can also upload your own images from a computer and edit them in their built-in photo editor, which is also free and easy to use.CustomizationThis is where it starts to get really frustrating. Even users who can ignore the fact that minor tweaks are the only permitted changes to the template will grow tired of the framework when they want to rearrange their pages.Sections are laid out horizontally, and you can’t put them side by side instead. This restricts the layouts you can create. You also can’t move a feature from one page to another. This limits the amount of expansion you can handle over time and makes it impossible to grow.FeaturesSitebuilder has some free features built into the service. You can create simplistic contact forms and mailers, generate live social media feeds, and embed video and music players. Unfortunately, these are all basics that come with most platforms and lack the pizzazz that more advanced websites generate.They can’t provide calendars, the ability to search for something on the sites, or email marketing. They also don’t have member walls.And they offer very little storage capacity for their free site. With only 50 MB, you can’t really launch a great website. It’s not even enough for a decent photo slideshow!Sitebuilder even limits these free features. You can’t upload your own videos; you have to embed them from a third-party site, like YouTube. Music requires SoundCloud to play.Third-party appsSitebuilder boasts an app market, but frankly, they don’t have enough content on it. In keeping with tradition, it is ext remely easy to add these plugins to your site. Unfortunately, there just aren’t enough of them to make up for the dearth of features available on the main platform. You are restricted to Amazon’s Alexa, social media suites, and a security tool.Customer serviceSitebuilder offers a decent amount of help and support, but it’s not very well organized. This can make it difficult to navigate and get some answers.Their guided tour is inviting and helps you get a site live quickly, but their Help button doesn’t do anything to move you past the difficulty of growing your site. It isn’t very detailed.Their knowledge base includes an FAQ section, but the articles don’t go into nearly enough detail to actually help users, and it doesn’t cover every topic necessary.Their individualized help is not much better. It’s awesome to include free round-the-clock live chat and phone support (for the US), but it’s not actually live chat. You are sent to a form that asks for your name and email address, and from there, you have to wait for a responseâ€"it’s not instantaneous at all.Their answers are pretty basic, too. It felt more like they were copying and pasting pre-written answers instead of actually taking the time to find out what went wrong and how they could help.ProsThis platform is extremely easy to use, and you can get online very quickly. It focuses on simplicity, and it is possible to send a site live in three clicks of your mouse if you don’t want to tweak anything. They have tons of templates, so you can probably find one you like.This is a great option for beginners who don’t have an established brand yet. It can easily host their site for free or cheap if they don’t need tons of features to get started.They have a media library full of free stock photos and a built-in photo editor to make uploading images easy.ConsTheir site doesn’t include SSL certificates, so it will be difficult to get your traffic to trust you. This is especially impor tant if you spring for their highest plan to get basic e-commerce functions because very few people are going to be willing to enter their payment information when you don’t certify that your site is secure.They charge a ton of money for basic features despite billing themselves as a free service. Their premium plans come with features you would expect of a Basic plan, but with a steep price tag, so they can end up costing you more money than competitors who are transparent about their pricing.They put a lot of restrictions on the things you can edit. You’re not allowed to change very much when it comes to the templates, and more advanced users will quickly realize that they can’t build their own brand.They don’t scale with your brand growth. The restrictive features and layouts prevent the site from easily growing as you do, so you will eventually outgrow this platform and have to restart your page elsewhere.Our Sitebuilder review conclusionWith such stiff competition in th e marketplace, it can be easy to forget about Sitebuilder reviews. After all, the service doesn’t have as high a rating as the competition, and there are a lot of things that could be improved.However, it’s not a bad option… it’s just very limited.If you’re a new blogger who is looking to host their first website and launch a brand, it can be a great learning tool to show you how to run and manage your own site at an affordable rate. Basic doesn’t mean bad; it just means basic. Use this tool with the knowledge that you will eventually outgrow it, and there should be very few issues.Our Sitebuilder review final ratingI’m going to go ahead and give this platform three stars overall. It lives up to being easy to use and will get your site online and running, but that’s about it.The pricing plans get really expensive. They will lure you in with a “free” option and then nickel and dime you for every extension, add on, and new feature your site needs as it growsuntil y ou’re paying significantly more money with them than you would have with a competitor that never claimed to be free.Editor's rating 3/5 Click here to set up a website the RIGHT way! Best website builder for photographers GoDaddy website builder review

The Renaissance Era - 3878 Words

The Renaissance Era was a time known as rebirth. Though the renaissance era had many problems, the people during that time period had been able adjust. This era directed people toward the way of better living. It allowed them to further their knowledge and gather ideas. The English Renaissance changed the lives of the people who lived during darker times. This time period motivated many people born during this time to become greater things. During the English Renaissance, people began to study the human body more thoroughly, more commonly known as humanists. Those who were humanists and believed in humanism were not seen as people nor did they believe in Christianity. Over time, people began to accept other religions. They also began to gain ideas on how exactly the world had been created and how it functioned. During the renaissance, the people of this time period began to believe in Greek mythology and Christianity. People weren’t as interested in their original religion as much as they used to. Some began to focus more on their own lives, rather than churches and their god. Because the people wanted to get to know themselves better, they became more influenced on studying other things like Greek mythology and Roman writings. The use of humanism had become very popular during the renaissance period. Using the knowledge they gained about the human body, and made art work that could display the features of a human being more thoroughly. They wanted their works of art toShow MoreRelatedRenaissance And The Renaissance Era915 Words   |  4 Pages Renaissance The Renaissance era was a time of great change in music, art, literature, and science. The Renaissance, which lasted from the 1300 s to the 1600 s began in Italy and spread throughout other countries to England, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain. During this time, there was a great deal of agricultural economy and the church were dominate and transform society. The word Renaissance come from the Latin word meaning â€Å"rebirth.† During the Renaissance period manyRead MoreThe Renaissance Era1529 Words   |  6 PagesThe Renaissance Era took place for a time period that lasted for approximately 150 years and during that time significant changes took place. These changes were with the Arts, Literature, Fashion, and ideals. â€Å"The entire age can be subdivided into three phases: from 1350 to 1400 during which discovery of ancient texts and experimentation with new art forms took place; 1400 to 1500 typified by political stability in the Italian city-states and the creation of recognizable cultural; and 1500 to 1550Read MoreThe Renaissance Era915 Words   |  4 PagesIn the wake of death, destruction, and war came the Renaissance. The Renaissance was an era of cultural rebirth that swept across Europe during the 14th to the 17th century . This era marked the time in which man returned to their classical learning and values of ancient Rome and Greece and began to change their attitude towards religion (Renaissance Art). While the Renaissance is in the past it continues to live on throughout many different fields of art, theories and movements. However, paintingsRead MoreThe Era Of The Renaissance Era1798 Words   |  8 Pages The renaissance era came by its name quite easily as it literally means rebirth. This era was a transitional period from the intellectually dark middle ages and ushered in a new wave of thinking and explorations. During Da Vinci s life, the world experienced the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 and Chr istopher Columbus s voyage to the new world in 1492. England experienced its own civil war in 1455, Cairo fell to the Ottomans in 1517 and Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to the churchRead MoreThe Era Of The Renaissance1693 Words   |  7 PagesItaly can be looked at as the home of the renaissance and consequently the immergence of great art. Artists such as Michelangelo, Botticelli, Da Vinci, and Raphael are some of the greats and are looked at for standards. But what about the artists whose lives are mysteries, and their works that were influenced by the greats? These artists hold just as much importance in the history of art as do the artist’s whose names can be recalled off the top of an average person’s head. During the sixteenth centuryRead MoreThe Rise Of The Renaissance Era1166 Words   |  5 PagesClosely following the Middle Ages, the Renaissance era was a time from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century in Europe that brought a revival or â€Å"reb irth.† This rebirth came from an interest in ancient Greek and Roman education and principles. Europe was becoming more politically stable, new technological advances, like the printing press, were being created, new discoveries were being made, and the exploration of new lands/continents was urged. Philosophy, literature and especially art wereRead MoreThe Birth Of The Renaissance Era1093 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the birth of the Renaissance era there were many prominent people to have come out of Florence. Some of the greatest poets, artists, orators, and statesmen to live were alive and flourishing during this time period and they all seem to share one common set of ideals that set them apart and distinguish them from others of this era. This set of common set of principles would come to be know as the â€Å"universal man†. A man that was truly from the time and was all about patriotism and love for hisRead MoreThe Renaissance And Elizabethan Era1150 Words   |   5 PagesThe Renaissance and Elizabethan era were vital times in the rebirth of the lost art form of Greek and Roman times: Acting/Playwriting. During the Elizabethan era, playhouses formed to fill the void. There was four main theaters during that time, but one shined brighter than the rest. That one was known as the Globe theater. As many others were built, the Globe Theater was built on the south bank of the River Thames. It was erected around 1599 and was created for Lord Chamberlin’s men, who boughtRead MoreHumanism And The Renaissance Era940 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion #1 Humanism in the Renaissance Era was the notion that only the Human existence is what mattered. It rejected all aspects of the medieval era, a millennium, obsessed with all things Christian, God, and Faith driven. I partial agree with this statement; Humanism in the Renaissance Era was the notion that only the Human existence is what mattered. It rejected all aspects of the medieval era, a millennium, obsessed with all things Christian, God, and Faith driven. I believe the peopleRead MoreThe Renaissance Era Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Renaissance era, the main concept was that it put human life, security, and religion at the interior. Renaissance literally means â€Å"rebirth† and it is a perfect visualization of what the renaissance was. The renaissance was a era of peace and prosperity which gave people a chance to be creative and passionate about their loves in life; whether it be painting or sculpting of theatre or music or any other thing in life. In the renaissance many inventions and discoveries were made. A few

Animal Farm CD Project Album Essay - 4423 Words

Poison By All Time Low Ive got a house in the back of my head But I cant find a permanent resident Cause the markets down And the areas not so good these days Ive got a watch but I dont have time Ive got a road and it leads to decadence But a dead end sign waits down the line I leave my footprints for the evidence So take my life, Ill hand it to you And you can try on my clothes But you cant fill these shoes On a silver platter your wish came true So your heart of gold turned platinum You can take my life (oh) But you cant take it with you More long days and fleeting nights I tell them, Wake me under flashing lights Cause Im a brand name bought and sold (Sold, sold, sold) They say a face for fame is a crying shame†¦show more content†¦Ringing in my head, when you broke my chest. And if youre in love, then you are the lucky one, Cause most of us are bitter over someone. Setting fire to our insides for fun, To distract our hearts from ever missing them. But Im forever missing him. And you caused it, And you caused it, And you caused it Canals By All Time Low I am a critic Of my only critical need to define myself With wine and words and lovers And friends who dont understand So there, I just said it You know that admitting the problem is the first step Towards repair, We all recover, Say the friends turned to wine-drunk lovers Smile, tell me Im alright With a goodbye You are so misleading A kiss or a gun fight High-noon or midnight Darling, I dont want to know If Im just a short sight on a cold night The canals are freezing So tell me Im alright with a goodbye Am I a villain? Cast among heroes with all of their Underwhelming overbearing struggles To become what theyll never be? Friends to the wicked Caution is calling, but nobodys home, The lights are off, the partys over, Now youre stuck plucking three-leaf clovers Smile, tell me Im alright With a goodbye You are so misleading A kiss or a gun fight High-noon or midnight Darling, I dont want to know If Im just a short sight on a cold night The canals are freezing So tell me Im alrightShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of album art of the 20th Century Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesband and singer would want to have their music noticed. This is why album art is an essential part of any music CD, an eye catcher that can make a consumer purchase a piece of music that they might not even like. Nowadays the graphics still exist, so do music shops, CD’s and CD covers but due to development of technology with each year more and more people buy music online. But let’s go back to pre internet times and look at CD covers of the late 60’s and 70’s – decades of the revolution of musicRead MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 PagesIntroduction 13.2 Reasons for international sourcing 13.3 A typology of subcontracting 13.4 Buyer–seller interaction 13.5 Development of a relationship 13.6 Reverse marketing: from seller to buyer initiative 13.7 Internationalization of subcontractors 13.8 Project export (turnkey contracts) 13.9 Summary Case studies 13.1 Syngenta AG: a world market leader in crop protection is defending its position 13.2 LM Glasï ¬ ber A/S: following its customers’ international expansion in the wind turbine industry xii Read MoreVerbs Tenses - Gap Filling Exercises11244 Words   |  45 PagesFill in the gaps with the correct tenses of the verbs in brackets. 1. _________________________ (you / watch) TV last night? – Yes, I __________________ (see) a very interesting film about endangered animals. 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Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSingapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art

Essay Understanding ADD and ADHD - 3219 Words

Understanding ADD and ADHD First, it is important to understand ADD and ADHD and how they can be identified. Within the classroom, a teacher may encounter a student who constantly squirms in their seat, stares out the window, and has a desk that is a complete mess. These are not poor students who do not care about school and learning. Often these students may be undiagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. These students can often be disruptive to themselves and the students around them, which causes serious educational problems. For this reason it is important for these students to be identified and to have their condition treated. Also, if untreated for a long period of time, the†¦show more content†¦Set goals together with the student and give the new plan a try for about one week. If problems continue, one should explain to the student that he or she is doing a great job of trying but more help is needed (Copeland Love, 1992) At this point, one should schedule a conference with the student?s parents. It may also be helpful to invite the school principle and/or guidance counselor. At the meeting the teacher and parents should develop a strategy to address certain behaviors. For two weeks, the program should be tested at home and school with constant communication between teacher and parents. After the two weeks a follow up meeting should be scheduled. At this time it is usually apparent if a referral to a professional is necessary or not. If a referral is needed, parents should talk to counselors or special education personnel at the school. Once a professional is contacted, the teacher should share their observations and concerns as a way of assisting in the evaluation of the student. Once diagnosed, the ADD/ADHD student meets with a psychiatrist in most cases, to get the child started on medication to treat his/her symptoms. Also, many students will see a psychologist, who will evaluate the chil d and provide counseling (Copeland Love, 1992). This will continue until deemed necessary by the health professionals. In some cases, a person will ?grow out? of their condition but for others it may last aShow MoreRelatedEssay about Students With ADD/ADHD and Class Placement1218 Words   |  5 PagesContemporary students with learning-disabilities such as ADD/ADHD are continuously perceived as incompetent to adapt in an ordinary classroom setting with other students without learning-disabilities. Consequently, many students with learning disabilities are placed in classrooms that are designated only for students with learning disabilities. It is because of this classroom placement problem that many learning-impaired students are doing worse academically and socially in a non-inclusive settingRead MoreThe Class Placement of Students with ADD/ADHD1721 Words   |  7 PagesContemporary students with learning disabilities such as ADD/ADHD are continuously perceived as incompetent to adapt to a traditional classroom setting with students who have no learning disabilities. Consequently, many students with learning disabilities are placed in classrooms that are designated only for students with learning disabilities. Schools use a non-inclusive setting when students with learning impairments like ADD/ADHD are placed in a â€Å"special class† with other learning impairment studentsRead MoreEffects of ADD/ADHD897 Words   |  4 Pages Affects of ADD/ADHD Robert was a typical two-year old boy always running and jumping around. In kindergarten, he couldnt remain seated during group time and moved between centers, leaving each a mess as he ran over peers. Third grade teachers began to talk to Roberts parents: he was blurting out answers and his desk was constantly crammed full of papers, toys, and books. In junior high, assignments done at home were never turned in and Robert received lunch detention for constant talking. He wasRead MoreBeing A Hyper, Inattentive Or Child1698 Words   |  7 Pagesthe third grade her teacher contacted me concerned about my daughter’s lack of concentration and participation during class; so we decided to met in person along with my daughter’s third grade counselor and some of her other teachers in hopes of understanding what might be going on. During our meeting the counselor asked a number of questions, such as if any mental illnesses ran in our family or on my daughters father side of t he family. I answered as honestly as I could but was really confused andRead MoreLiving a Distracted Life with Attention Deficit Disorder1014 Words   |  5 Pagesage, race or gender. In order to have a better understanding of this complex disorder, it is important to become aware of its characteristics, causes, and treatments. A detailed analysis will include information and the struggles of living, coping, and managing A.D.D. It can be difficult and very frustrating not being able to comprehend or understand things that seem so simple to most other people. Following simple directions, trouble understanding a story, hard time staying organized, constantlyRead MoreDrug Use And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1302 Words   |  6 PagesRitalin is a prescription drug used primarily in the treatment of behavioural problems in children such as Attention deficit disorder (ADD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (National Drug Intelligence Centre 2006). It is estimated that 11 percent of Australians between the ages of 6 to 17 are affected by ADD or ADHD and the amount of Ritalin being prescribed has doubled in the last 10 years ( Schriever 2012). The brand name for Ritalin is methylphenidate, a drug that stimulatesRead MoreEssay on Hidden Dangers of ADHD Medication1014 Words   |  5 PagesHidden Dangers of ADHD Medication Medication for ADHD can cause a great deal of overdose for children that have ADHD. Their bodies will get addicted to the medication when they cannot do without them. If a patient stop taking it, their bodies will shut –down and start reacting in a strange way. These hidden symptoms can cause behavioral analysis that can evaluate the effect in medication that has form in the children body. It all starts from genetics, which cause ADHD, so it can be diagnoseRead More Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pages For a typical person with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) sitting down to do a task such as homework can be agonizing, the physical act of staying in place, being as difficult as concentrating on the work. The person with ADHD may go on in life to have social problems because symptoms such as hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity, are mistaken as laziness or self-centeredness (14). The problems of ADHD often develop further manifesting as compulsive disorder, depression, schoolRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay964 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is very commonly known. Today, ADHD is one of the most common mental disorders among children. The NIMH (The national institute of mental health) predicts that it affecting 3 to 5 percent of all children(AACAP), with an approximate amount of 30% to 65% of these children experiencing persistence of symptoms into adolescence and adulthood (AACAP).There are three types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;Read MoreLiving a Distracted Life with Attention Deficit Disorder1499 Words   |  6 Pagessmall, the effects of living a life with ADD are significant. People with ADD struggle in school or in everyday situations, but they can learn ways to manage this disability. During childhood unknowingly struggling with ADD made things more complicated throughout school and life, and it went overlooked and undiagnosed until reaching adulthood. Some may not believe that it is a true disorder and that it only affects children, but it does a ctually exist. ADD does not discriminate against age, race or

Prometheus Bound Immortality Essay Example For Students

Prometheus Bound Immortality Essay A monologue from the play by Aeschylus NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Dramas of Aeschylus. Trans. Anna Swanwick. London: George Bell and Sons, 1907. IO: I know not how I can deny your wish,So in clear word all ye desire to knowThat shall ye hear;Yet am I ashamed to tellWherefore on me, forlorn one, burst the stormHeaven-sent and whence this forms disfigurement.For evermore would nightly visions hauntMy virgin chambers, gently urging meWith soothing words;O damsel, highly blest,Why longer live in maidenhood when theeWait loftiest nuptials? For by passions dartInflamed is Zeus for thee and fain would shareThe yoke of Kypris. Spurn not thou, O child,The couch of Zeus, but to the grassy meadOf Lerna hie thee, to thy fathers herdsAnd cattle-stalls, that so the eye of ZeusFrom longing may find respite. By such dreamsFrom night to night still was I visited,Unhappy one; till, taking heart at length,My night-born visions to my sire I told.Then he to Pytho made a herald sentAnd to Dodona; seeking to be taughtHow best, by deed or word, to please the gods.But they returned, announcing oraclesOf riddling import, vague and hard to spell.At len gth to Inachos came clear response,By voice oracular commanding himFrom home and father-land to thrust me forth,At large to range, as consecrate to heaven,Far as earths utmost bounds. Should he refuse,From Zeus would come the fiery thunderbold,And his whole race extirpate utterly.Then yielding to such Loxian Oracles,He drove me forth, and barred me from his home,Against his will and mine; but, forcefully,The curb of Zeus constrained him this to do.Forthwith my shape and mind distorted were,And horned, as ye behold me, goaded onBy gad-fly, keen of fang, with frenzied boundsI to Kerchneias limpid current rushd,And found of Lerna. Then the earth-born herdsman,Hot-tempered Argos, ever dogged my steps,Gazing upon me with his myriad eyes.But him a sudden and unlooked-for fateDid reave of life; but I, brize-tortured, stillBefore the scorge divine am driven onFrom land to land; the past thou hearest; nowIf thou canst tell my future toils, say on,Nor, pity-moved, soothe me with lying tales,F or garbled words, I hold, are basest ills.

The Commercialism Of Television Essays - Television Advertisement

The Commercialism Of Television The Commercialism of Television To look into the mind of a television addict, we must look at the big picture? First we recognize the voluntary slavery that makes up the majority of modern life. A I see it, people get up early, put on work clothes, and ?work like machines for the rest of the day? getting no satisfaction from their repetitive day-jobs. Then come home around seven o'clock to their families who have already had dinner, and the kids already getting in bed. By that time there is almost no room left for quality family time or anything else to pursue that's worthwhile. Thus the person turns to the television for that instant dose of friendship and gratification that could not be found anywhere else during his or her day. Once the person gets comfy on the lazy-boy, he becomes quickly stimulated and amazed by the intense sound and picture of thirty frames per second, and suddenly forgets thinking about the real world. Notice how some people become extremely annoyed when you talk to them or distract them when they are watching a program, or even a commercial. And might even yell at you for walking in front of the TV. As the hours of straight zombie-like watching go by, the person slips further into the fantasy world of television, and with you breaking that link between them and the tube comes as a shock to them. Someone can be so engulfed that it becomes a regular part of his/her daily routine. As a result of a lot of watching TV, studies have shown that the heart rate, and blink rate have slowed down dramatically and muscular function decreased down to the snap of a finger on the remote or the lift of a drink. The stimulation of the picture and sound shift so rapidly that they must become completely relaxed to soak it all up. Television is like an addiction, and like any addictive substance a moral message lies behind it? The advertising and the programs are only they're to keep the viewer coming back for more. But there are even deeper morals to the story. The televisions main purpose is to distract from what you really want to be doing. Than around the second line of commercials you realize that you could be doing far better things than this, but before that thought gets to you, another flashy commercial pops up that literally says ?damnit stay in your seat, we've got more products to sell you?. And giving the viewer the sense that he/she cannot live without it. And this is where depression can kick in. In these messages there is the potential power to brainwash the viewer into thinking that television is the one and only answer to all the worlds problems, and soon the person will not want to accept the harsh reality of the real world. This becomes a mindset for many people who watch TV. Some will do their best to fight it, like turn the volume down or mute, but hell, never would they turn it off. Even the manufacturers cleverly hide the mute button on your remote. To the broadcasters and corporations, its all a damn game to them, to see whom can get more zombies to stick with their channel. After becoming over-fatigued from stimulation, they'll switch it off. And when they are face to face with real life, they don't understand it, and shrivel back into their corner to the TV, to the world that is so easily accepted. There is a huge difference between the world that we live in, and the fake propped world of television. On a person note; my father roommates with Andre, a forty-five year old minority who is extremely depressed, and has attempted suicide. Visiting my dad every week or so I notice that Andre always had the TV on, and continued sitting in his chair staring at every comedy channel for six hours, but I noticed he never laughed. I believe Andre has fallen deep into the TV world, and uses it as a tool to ignore and/or forget his problems in the real world. ?Odds have it that television only creates a mirage

Fight Club, The First Scene Essay Example

Fight Club, The First Scene Essay Example Fight Club, The First Scene Essay Fight Club, The First Scene Essay Fight Club, directed by David Fincher, is a movie of man versus himself and man versus society. The movie encompasses the struggle of a man trying to find his true self and his place in society. The first scene of Fight Club helps the viewer understand how the rest of the movie will unfold and the meaning behind it. The first scene really begins with the opening credits. The scene opens with a backward tracking shot. The setting has appearances of being under water or even space, all digital effect. The shot then seems to transcend through something and fades to black. The shot then tracks down a persons face and backwards following the barrel of a gun. The shot then comes to rest in behind the gun in the narrators mouth. The narrators face then comes into focus. Then there is a cut to a close up of the left side of the narrators face and gun. Then cut to front side close up of narrator and gun, this time the hand holding the gun is visible. Next there is cut to medium shot of the hand pulling the gun out of the mouth of the narrator. Tyler Durden, holding the gun, moves to the right and camera pans to follow him, keeping narrator still in focus and in the shot. Tyler walks to the back of the narrator to a window behind the narrator. It is then clear all this is taking place in a skyscraper. Then there is a shot-reverse-shot of close up of narrators face turning to look back at the window and Tyler. Then cut to a beautiful medium shot from outside of the building looking in at the narrator and Tyler with the reflection of the city in the window. Then suddenly the camera does a fast tracking shot down the building, transcends the street to basement of the building. The camera stops with a medium shot of a van with a bullet hole in it. The camera then tracks forward, transcends the windshield, and stops on a close up of a bomb in the van. Then there is another fast tracking shot out of the van, out of the building, across the street and into another building. The shot stops on another bomb under this building. Next there is a cut back to medium shot in front of narrator with him still looking back at Tyler looking out the window. Cut to close up of waist of Tyler holding his watch. Then there is a long shot in front of narrator, still looking back, with Tyler behind him on his right looking out window. Then cut to medium shot of narrator looking forward. Next camera tracks in to close up of narrators face. This then concludes the first scene of fight club. : This first scene of Fight Club is essential to the make up and meaning of the movie. The initial shot of the opening credits is actually inside the head of the narrator. This conveys that the movie is going to be dealing with the mind of the narrator. Come to find out a lot of the movie actually takes place in the mind. The audience has to view the movie with an understanding that sometimes the events taking place may be a representation of the narrators mind and not the real world. Once the shot moves out of his head, the audience sees a gun in the mouth of the narrator. This actually is a continuation of the mind and the narrator is actually the person holding the gun in his own mouth. The narrator thinks it is Tyler Durden, his best friend, but Tyler is also a continuation of his mind. The scene also shows bombs under two skyscrapers of the city. After the first scene the viewer realizes the movie is going to be about how the narrator arrived in this position and how those bombs c ame to be under those building. In closing, this scene conveys that the entire movies is about a man struggling with his mind and alter ego, and how he arrived at his present position

Comparing Narrative in Fiction and Nonfiction (Literature) Essay

Comparing Narrative in Fiction and Nonfiction (Literature) - Essay Example In contrast, the nonfiction account is typically focused on conveying information and establishing itself as a serious or truthful account. This can be seen when one compares three short pieces such as the fictional stories â€Å"A Delicate Balance† (Armas) and â€Å"In Service† (Alcott) and the nonfiction â€Å"Pablo Picasso: Living in His Own Shadow† (Goodman), all of which deal with the theme of finding transcendent value in the process of work. In â€Å"A Delicate Balance† (Armas), the narrative voice establishes a means of showing the reader Romero’s example of transcendent value in work because it observes at the same time that it tells. Romero Estrada is introduced as a somewhat strange man who spends his mornings in a perfect and inexplicable routine of sweeping the sidewalks up and cleaning up the trash for the various businesses up and down his street and then spending the afternoons hanging out at the various businesses as appropriate. He obviously enjoys this life because â€Å"he took great care to sweep cleanly, between the cracks and even between the sides of the buildings †¦ The work took him the whole morning if he did it the way he wanted† (Armas 17). However, the narrative voice that tells the reader these things is not identified in any way and is therefore allowed to transfer from one mind to another with impunity. It is a disembodied voice that seems capable of hovering over the scene below and observing intimate details without having any effect on the events occurring. While it is capable of telling the reader how Romero works when he does it ‘like he wanted,’ the narrator is also aware of private conversations between Barelas and his son Seferino and the thoughts of these men as they talk. It tells us â€Å"Barelas knew his son was putting something over on him, but he didn’t know how to answer† while â€Å"Seferino watched with pride as Romero went about his job† (Armas 19). This ability to show the story through

Unit 7 Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Unit 7 Discussion - Research Paper Example Path 1case of Child and Family Welfare that has been given as an example here is an indicator to the fact that many victims especially teens who are tested HIV positive do suffer from lack of proper exposure on how they should handle such crisis, thus tend to leave in seclusion from reality. In this case, the mother of Ron finds Ron’s result without being told by Ron, calls for proper handling of both the mother and the teen – Ron by the caregiver. According to Ahsan (2006), the caregiver should ensure that the mother is equipped with enduring and underling protective factors that should be rendered to Ron in order to live positively healthy without also infecting others. This means that the mother must be told the truth of the Ron’s infection and a match of interventions must be optimized in order to help the teen cope with the situation. This is often referred to as the parent-centered strategy. On the other hand Ron must be kept on constant counseling to provi de him with skills and belief necessary to overcome stigmatization. This approach is known as child centered strategy. Strong family support is the hallmark of proper handling of the victims who need rehabilitation. Caregivers should therefore ensure that the family members are always in cooperated in such programs for the success of the

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Ids Information Technology Essay

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Ids Information Technology Essay Although IDS is a useful addition to ensure security, it does well on some points, but there are still some limitations with it. Table 5.1 summaries some the strengths and weaknesses of IDS. Strengths Weaknesses Monitoring user behaviors and system event logs. Detection but not prevention. Testing the system configrutions of hosts. False positive detections. Setting up baseline for the security state of a system, and tracking any changes to that baseline. False negative detections. Protecting against known threats. Spoofing attacks. Recognizing patterns of activity that are abnormal. Cannot automatically investigating attacks without human intervention. Centralized management. Delays of signature update. Alerting to appropriate administrators with appropriate means. Easier to perform security monitoring functions for non-security experts. Table 5.1: Strengths and Weaknesses of IDS. Monitoring user behaviors and system event logs One of the strengths of IDS is that it provides ability to monitor the system event logs of every host, which make administrators to be aware when any changes on the hosts. They can also utilize this information collected by IDS to analyze user behaviors, thereby planning the security strategy and policies for their organizations accordingly. Testing the system configrutions of hosts IDS are also able to test the security states for every host, when the system is configured below par or a baseline, it alerts to administrators which host is set below a security level. Thus, administrators can make further configurations for that host. Setting up baseline for the security state of a system, and tracking any changes to that baseline With IDS, administrators can set up their own expectation as a security baseline. Based on that baseline, IDS keeps tracking the differences and changes on the hosts, allowing administrators to have all hosts in the same security level they expect. Protecting against known threats The Signature detection techniques make IDS to protect systems and networks well against known threats. It ensures recognizing patterns of system events that compare to the known threats. Recognizing patterns of activity that are abnormal When a new attack does not exist in known threat signatures, IDS has Anomaly detection techniques for it. This technique is good at comparing system activities or network traffic against a baseline to indentify abnormal behaviors, recognizing new attacks that Signature detection techniques miss. Centralized management IDS provides a centralized management for administrators easier to change logging mechanisms, perform software upgrade, collecting alarm information and updating security setting etc. Many IDS products even have a very simple menu to have the configuration of IDS set up, which helps administrators a lot to monitors a numerous of networks and hosts. Alerting to appropriate administrators with appropriate means Based on scan and match principle, IDS always send alerts to appropriate people by appropriate means. Administrators can decide who should receive the alerts and define different activates they want to be alerted. These appropriate meaning of messages to appropriate people can be more effective and efficient to an organization. Easier to perform security monitoring functions for non-security experts Many IDS products now already provide basic information security policies, plus easy configuration, allowing non-security expert to perform security monitoring functions for their organizations as well. This is also a strength that makes IDS to a success. On the contrary, there are some weaknesses have been suggested as shown in Table 5.1. Detection but not prevention IDS concentrate on detection method but not prevention, it is a passive activity. It is sometimes too late to detect an intrusion, especially now some attacks are transporting very fast on the current high speed networks, when IDS sends a alert to administrators, the actual situation may be worse. False positive detections The detection capabilities of IDS can be defined in four measures: True positive, False positive, True negative and False negative. Figure 5.3 illustrates the differences of them. True positive indicates that the real attacks are identified by IDS correctly; True negative indicates that IDS is identified correctly that are not attacks; False positive indicates that IDS is identified incorrectly as true attacks but actually that are not real attacks; False negative indicates that IDS is identified incorrectly as not attacks but actually that are attacks. Figure 5.3: Measures of IDS IDS often generate too many false positives, due to the inaccurate assumptions. One example is looking for the length of URLs. Typically, a URL is only around 500 bytes length, assuming that an IDS is configured to trigger an alert for denial of service attack when the length of a URL is exceed 1000 bytes. False positive could be occurred from some complex web pages that are common to store a large content now. The IDS is not making mistake, the algorithm is just not perfect. In order to reduce False positives, administrators need to tune the assumptions of how to detect attacks in an IDS, but which is time consuming. False negative detections False negatives are also a weakness of IDS, hackers now can encode an attack file to be unsearchable by IDS. For example, cgi-bin/attack.cgi is defined as a signature in an IDS, but the file is encoded to be cg%39-b%39n/a%39tt%39 by the hackers. While cg%39-b%39n/a%39tt%39 is not defined in the signature files, the attack will pass without any notice, then a False negative occurs. Spoofing attacks Hackers can utilize spoofing attacks to blind the administrators. For example, hackers can use one of the IP in a network to make many False positive detections, administrators may then set the IDS to ignore local traffic for this IP, after then hackers start the real attacks. Cannot automatically investigating attacks without human intervention Even IDS can detect most of the attacks in the hosts and networks, but it still need administrators to investigate and perform reaction. Hackers can utilize this weakness of IDS to perform an attack, for instance, a hacker can make a large of attacks to host A, since IDS is not able to analyze all the attacks automatically by itself, administrators needs to spend time to investigate each alarm from host A. Thus, the hacker may have more time to make a real attack to host B. Delays of signature update IDS rely on its signature database to detect a known intrusion, IDS products typically updating the signature database by the IDS vendors. The potential problem is the delay of signature update patch, IDS vendors often take a long time to identify a new attack and finish an update patch. However, even IDS vendors provide the most update signature as soon as they can. It is still a time period that the IDS are not able to identify a new attack before updating the signature database.

Essay --

Segregation, the separation of individuals by their race, was something that many African American experienced in their life after their freedom from slavery until the end of segregation around the mid-1900s. Southerners were less accepting of African Americans than their Northern counterparts. Southerners were often extremely cruel to African Americans, referring to them with demeaning names and physically hurting them, sometimes to the point of critical injury or death. During this time, James Meredith, a civil rights leader was born. James Howard Meredith was born as one of ten children on a farm in Kosciusko, Mississippi on June 25, 1933. He was not exposed to racism until a train ride from Chicago, where he had to give up his seat for a white man. This train ride was his catalyst for fighting for civil rights. He spent nine years in the Army Air Force following high school. After his service, he enrolled in the all-black school, Jackson State College in Mississippi. The beginning of his work started in the year 1961, when he applied for University of Mississippi, which back then was an all-white school that had been segregated and should have been integrated with the Brown v. Board of Education ruling. The Brown v. the Board of Education, taking place in 1952, was a case that overruled the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that legalized segregation. This case brought about after an African American man from Topeka filed a lawsuit saying that black and white schools were not legal. This parent was Oliver Brown. This case was taken care of by Thurgood Marshall and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The court ruled in favor of Brown and segregation became considered illegal and in violation of ... ...aces, however, when they look at the same classroom about sixty years ago they will find it less diversified. Now, people can see African American children play with the children of white people. There are children who are of mixed race, when back then these children would be shunned by both sides. The children are able to play, become friends, and be happy. They are able to have a life where they do not have to worry about getting off the street just because a white person is passing by. They do not have to worry about moving to the back just because a white person has arrived. This would not have been the case sixty years ago. This place where children of all races are able to enjoy each other’s company was the result of many years of effort and blood, not only by one person but by many courageous individuals who wanted to create a better future for their people. Essay -- Segregation, the separation of individuals by their race, was something that many African American experienced in their life after their freedom from slavery until the end of segregation around the mid-1900s. Southerners were less accepting of African Americans than their Northern counterparts. Southerners were often extremely cruel to African Americans, referring to them with demeaning names and physically hurting them, sometimes to the point of critical injury or death. During this time, James Meredith, a civil rights leader was born. James Howard Meredith was born as one of ten children on a farm in Kosciusko, Mississippi on June 25, 1933. He was not exposed to racism until a train ride from Chicago, where he had to give up his seat for a white man. This train ride was his catalyst for fighting for civil rights. He spent nine years in the Army Air Force following high school. After his service, he enrolled in the all-black school, Jackson State College in Mississippi. The beginning of his work started in the year 1961, when he applied for University of Mississippi, which back then was an all-white school that had been segregated and should have been integrated with the Brown v. Board of Education ruling. The Brown v. the Board of Education, taking place in 1952, was a case that overruled the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that legalized segregation. This case brought about after an African American man from Topeka filed a lawsuit saying that black and white schools were not legal. This parent was Oliver Brown. This case was taken care of by Thurgood Marshall and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The court ruled in favor of Brown and segregation became considered illegal and in violation of ... ...aces, however, when they look at the same classroom about sixty years ago they will find it less diversified. Now, people can see African American children play with the children of white people. There are children who are of mixed race, when back then these children would be shunned by both sides. The children are able to play, become friends, and be happy. They are able to have a life where they do not have to worry about getting off the street just because a white person is passing by. They do not have to worry about moving to the back just because a white person has arrived. This would not have been the case sixty years ago. This place where children of all races are able to enjoy each other’s company was the result of many years of effort and blood, not only by one person but by many courageous individuals who wanted to create a better future for their people.

Definition of Middle Income Trap Essay

As the name implies, the middle income trap is an economic development situation, where a country which attains a certain income (due to given advantages) will get stuck at that level. Part of this concept was firstly discussed in the 2006 World Bank report ‘Equity and development’ as the ‘inequity trap’. But this report does not state very clearly on the definitions, classifications and measures to avoid it, etc. Then in the famous 2007 World Bank report ‘An east Asian Renaissance’, this economic phenomenon was officially addressed. According to the latest definition of The International Monetary Fund in 2013, the ‘middle-income trap’ is the phenomenon of hitherto rapidly growing economies stagnating at middle-income levels and failing to graduate into the ranks of high-income countries (2013 The International Monetary Fund Working Paper: Growth Slowdowns and the Middle Income Trap). From the publications and journal articles, it seems there has not been universal and very concrete understanding on the details of this issue yet. For example, different researchers and even different journalist may have different classifications on it based on various standards. However, the principles applied are similar. The most recent World Bank classification with data for 2010 is as following: a country is classified as low-income if its GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is US$1,005 or less, lower-middle-income if its GNI per capita lies between US$1,006 and US$3,975, upper-middle-income if its GNI per capita lies between US$3,976 and US$12,275, and high income if its GNI per capita is US$12,276 or above. This classification was also used by The International Monetary Fund in its working paper in 2013: Growth Slowdowns and the Middle Income Trap. After the International Monetary Fund applies this classification to its sample of 138 countries in 2010, the result yields 24 low-income countries, 36 lower middleincome countries, 33 upper middle-income countries, and 45 high-income countries (2013 The International Monetary Fund Working Paper: Growth Slowdowns and the Middle Income Trap). It’s very clear that most of the countries are still in the situation of low income or middle income. In addition, middle income  countries are much more than low income countries, which ensure us that it is make sense to pay more attention to the countries in the middle income situation. In recent years the world turned to recognize the existence of a Middle Income Trap. The term Middle Income Trap is by now also being widely used in economic literature as well as businessoriented media. The Middle Income Trap occurs when the growth of an economy slows and eventually flattens after it reaches a middle income level. The problem usually arises when developing countries ï ¬ nd themselves stuck in between high and low income levels. On the one hand, with rising wages, middle income countries are less competitive compared to lessdeveloped, low-wage countries in terms of the cheap production of manufactured goods. On the other hand, they are unable to compete with developed cou ntries in terms of high-skill innovations. As the Asian Development Bank describes, these countries cannot â€Å"compete with low-income, low-wage economies in manufacturing† and similarly are disadvantaged against advanced economies in high-skill innovations†. In another word, these countries cannot continue to compete on cost for cheap goods, and they cannot yet compete on quality for more sophisticated items. Let us have a deeper look at this economic phenomenon. When low-income countries first begin to take off, they often do take the advantage of a low-wage. This allows the country’s manufacturers to offer competitive prices on the global market, since they have a lower cost base. However, as economic growth rates and productivity rise quickly, rapid wage increases tend to follow. Thus the trap is generally characterized by the fact that rising wages eventually begin to eat into the competitiveness that low-base wages originally offered. Once economies get closer to the development frontier, the growth model will become more complex. It is increasingly determined by innovation, investment in more sophisticated technologies and through the raising of the level and quality of education, notably secondary and higher education of the potential labor force. Among these factors, it must be noted that education dose matter. In addition, the second education is more important than the ge neral education. Lower level of education in the majority of the labor force definitely leads to insufficient qualified  workers. The risks of falling into the Middle Income Trap have increasingly become a focus of discussions in terms of the long-term economic and social development of developing economies. These risks, and how to minimize them, are being discussed at the highest levels of policy making in some of the fast growing emerging economies, even while these countries may still be sources of envy to the rest of the world, such as China, Russia and India. Countries in the trap and how to avoid the middle income trap As we mentioned above, due to a variety of factors, many countries risk getting stuck in this trap. According to the International Monetary Fund, most notably, several Latin American economies, at least until recently, would seem to belong in this category, having failed to achieve highincome levels despite attaining middle-income status several decades ago (2013 The International Monetary Fund Working Paper: Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap). Actually it has been well accepted that countries across Latin America as well as the several Middle East economies saw catch-up growth in the 1960s and 1970s but then they hit an invisible ceiling and have mostly stuck in the â€Å"middle income trap† ever since, with per capita incomes far behind the rare â€Å"break-out† countries. Most of the evidence on the middle-income trap comes from these economies of Latin America and the Middle East. These are regions abundant in land and natural resources. They have had growth during commodity booms, often followed by growth crashes when commodity prices drop sharply. In Eva Paus’s article about the Latin America’s middle-income trap, she points out that the accumulation of technological capabilities is at the heart of the development process. Technological capabilities refer to the resources and organizational abilities needed to generate and manage technological change. In a changing national and global context, accumulation those capabilities is the key to sustained productivity growth and high-end economic development. She also mentioned Policymakers should promote entrepreneurship and innovation to begin reaping the benefits of information networks and skilled labor before the gains from cheap labor and knowledge  spillovers are exhausted. Nowadays people are more studying on Asian countries with more both low income and middle income countries. Through the evidence from countries already stuck in middle income trap and the current research in Asia, people could not only forecast the future in terms of economic development, but also make the policy maker to develop the suitable measures to avoid the trap. We could take a look at the middle-income Asian economies for our further investigation. There are eight countries that stand out in East and South Asia: the ASEAN-5 (Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam), China, India and Sri Lanka. But they are at very different levels of development. They could be divided into ‘high middle-income’ and ‘low middleincome’ groups. Malaysia is at the top of the high middle-income group. Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, India and Sri Lanka are in the low middle-income group. China and Thailand are roughly in the middle. As we will discuss China in every detail later, let us take Indonesia as an example. According to the Asian Development Bank, Indonesia could be the case of the country in the middle-income trap. It became a middle-income economy in 2003. It actually attained middle-income status in 1993, but fell back after the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis. It took six years to jump back to the middle income level. Now it needs to battle the â€Å"middle-income trap†. Indonesia is not unique to this problem. Regardless the different external international economic environment, many middle-income countries are without a viable high-growth strategy. They are faced with new challenges, including social cohesion, a large pool of young people in search of jobs, as well as millions who still live in misery and poverty. Typically, countries trapped at middle-income level have: (1) low investment ratios; (2) slow manufacturing growth; (3) limited industrial diversification; and (4) poor labor market conditions. The Asian Development Bank in its 2011 report ‘Asia 2050: Realizing the Asian Century’ raised the question that considering that the region has to face up to the daunting  opportunity that lies before it, how many countries will meet this challenge? The answer is still unclear. Given this reality and uncertainties about the future the report postulates two quantitative scenarios with very different outcomes. Most of the discussion in the report is based on the optimistic Asian Century scenario. This scenario assumes that the 11 economies (Armenia; Azerbaijan; Cambodia; P.R.China; Georgia; India; Indonesia; Kazakhstan; Malaysia; Thailand; and Viet Nam) with a demonstrated record of sustained convergence to best global practice over the past 30 years or so continue this trend over the next 40 years and that a number of modest-growth aspiring economies will become convergers by 2020. In this scenario, Asia will take its place among the ranks of the affluent on  par with those in Europe today; some3 billion additional Asians will become affluent by 2050. This is the desired or ideal scenario for Asia as a whole.  The Middle Income Trap scenario assumes that these fast-growing converging economies fall into that trap in the next 5 – 10 years, without any of the slow- or modest-growth aspiring economies improving their record; in other words, Asia follows the pattern of Latin Ameri ca over the past 30 years. This is the pessimistic scenario and could be taken as a wake-up call to Asian leaders. According to this report by the Asian Development Bank, there will be a huge difference in the outcomes of the two scenarios. The economic and social costs of missing the Asian Century are staggering. If today’s fast-growing converging economies become mired in the Middle Income Trap, Asia’s GDP in 2050 would reach only $65 trillion, not $174 trillion (at market exchange rates). GDP per capita would be only $20,600, not $40,800 (PPP). Such an outcome would deprive billions of Asians of a lifetime of affluence and well-being. The possibility of a â€Å"perfect storm† cannot be ruled out in thinking about Asia through 2050. A combination of bad macro policies, finance sector exuberance with lax supervision, conflict, climate change, natural disasters, changing demography, and weak governance could jeopardize Asian growth. In this worst case scenario, Asia could stumble into a  financial meltdown, major conflict, or region wide chaos well before 2050. It is impossible to quantify this scenario, but Asia’s leaders must be aware of the potential for such a catastrophe and avoid it at all costs. By contrast, several East Asian economies have in recent decades provided a template for success to get out of the trap and continue to grow rapidly after attaining middle-income status, and thereby attaining per capita income levels comparable to advanced countries (2013 the International Monetary Fund Working Paper: Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap). So far, five Asian countries or regions have successfully escaped the middle-income trap, which are Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. What do we need to do to follow them? There is no uniform policy solution for avoiding the middle-income trap. South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore have made the transition to advanced ec onomies. As noted by the Economist 2013, even still little is known about why so few countries succeed in making the transition from middle-income to high-income status, however, it’s clear that their paths were different but they shared a willingness and ability to change course. To better understand this question ‘How did these east Asian countries escape the middle income trap’ and find the answer, it will be very useful for us to go back to the World Bank’s landmark report â€Å"The East Asian Miracle†, which was published in 1993. It has analyzed the catch-up growth of the several East Asian Tigers, and some of its conclusions are relevant to the middleincome trap. Its foremost conclusion was that it is vital to ‘get the basics right’: macroeconomic stability, relatively low distortions to domestic competition, openness to external trade, flexible labor markets, and investment in hard infrastructure as well as education. On the other hand, w e could analyze both low-income Asian countries and high-income Asian countries to further evaluate the situation in middle-income Asian economies which include China. For low income Asian countries like Cambodia, Nepal, etc., to get the basics right must still be the top – we may even include the less developed states in China and India. These countries and regions should be in the business of catch-up growth, which comes from maximum mobilization of capital and labor inputs, and large productivity gains from efficient resource reallocation. This is what Prof. Paul Krugman calls growth through ‘perspiration’. At the  other extreme, for high income Asian economies, from Japan down to Singapore, has to rely on ‘output-led,’ productivity- and innovation-based growth. This is what Prof. Paul Krugman calls growth through ‘inspiration’. To get the basics right is still important – note that Japan is hurtling in the opposite direction with wildly profligate fiscal and monetary policies. But this has to be complemented with more sophisticated structural and institutional reforms. These â€Å"second generation† reforms (sophisticated structural and institutional reforms) have to go beyond liberalization of product markets to encompass deregulation of factor markets (for land, labor and capital). They must also include opening up of services sectors, upgrading â€Å"soft infrastructure†, and improving the quality of public administration, regulatory agencies and judicial systems. Among them, being part of â€Å"soft infrastructure†, higher education and skills are of the most important factors. So what about middle income countries â€Å"in between†? They need a mix of getting the basics right and second generation reforms. But the balance should differ as between high middle income and low middle income countries. For example, high middle-income countries need to crack on with structural and institutional reforms for productivity-based growth. This also applies to China (especially its coastal provinces). Moreover, in a recent report of International Monetary Fund, economists suggest four ways to avoid that: 1. Invest in infrastructure. The International Monetary Fund analysis suggests that subpar infrastructure is a key factor that can check an emerging economy’s growth. India, the Philippines and Thailand are particularly exposed in this area and should focus on building new and upgrading existing public transit systems, freight channels, ports and energy infrastructure. 2. Guard against excessive capital inflows. Money flows from abroad can energize an economy and give domestic consumption a boost, but can send an economy south if investors retreat in a hurry. Policy makers should have macro-prudential controls in place to mitigate potential rapid outflows, according to the International Monetary Fund. 3. Boost spending on research and development and post-secondary education. Both are needed to foster the innovation that’s a hallmark of advanced economies. According to the International Monetary Fund data, Malaysia and Thailand have the highest college enrollment rates among emerging Asian countries. However, China is rapidly catching up. China far outstrips other developing Asian countries on R&D, with 2009 spending at more than 1.5% of GDP. 4. Get more women into the workforce and raise the retirement age. Aging population is a problem in a lot of Asian countries. Governments should take actions to reduce â€Å"dependency ratios† by raising the age when workers are eligible for pensions and encouraging girls to enter university and vocational training. Anyway, avoiding the Middle Income Trap entails identifying strategies to introduce new processes and find new markets to maintain export growth. Ramping up domestic demand is also important—an expanding middle class can use its increasing purchasing power to buy highquality, innovative products and help drive growth. The biggest challenge is moving from resource-driven growth that is dependent on cheap labor and capital to growth based on high productivity and innovation. This requires investments in infrastructure and education. As the several East Asian countries has proven, building a high-quality education system which encourages creativity and supports breakthroughs in science and technology is the key. As Asian countries have approached or are approaching the technological frontier, the role of education does matter a lot. Many Asian countries have noted for their commitment to improve the quality of their education, and already have some of the highest educational attainments in the world. Yet the fiscal and institutional challenges to lifting educational performance in the way that is needed to sustain economic growth is another thing altogether. The success or failure in that will be a major determinant of whether Asia fulfils the expectations of its long-term economic growth. Looking at China Many observers believe China’s amazing growth is nearing its limits. A joint report by the World Bank and China’s Development Research Centre has warned that the low-hanging fruit of statedriven industrialization is largely exhausted. According to this joint report, ‘If countries cannot increase  productivity through innovation, they find themselves trapped. China does not have to endure this fate’. This report emphasized that China has reached another turning point in its development path when a second strategic, and no less fundamental, shift is called for. For China, it can no longer rely on imported technology to keep up robust growth of averaging 9.9 percent since the economy was open in 1978. The report said China’s growth of economy will slow to 7 percent later this decade and even 5 percent by the late 2020s even if China does not perform deep reform. However, this report also point out, if everything goes smoothly, China will be a â€Å"high-income† economy by 2030 and perhaps as dominant as Britain in 1870 or the United States in 1945, or indeed as flourishing as the Qing Empire itself in 1820 before the onset of catastrophic decline. As Economists 2013 points out, for all problems of China, in the coming 10-15 years it is still likely to reach several symbolic milestones. The International Monetary Fund predicts that in 2016 it will become the world’s largest economy on a purchasing-power-parity basis. The Economist Intelligence Unit reckons that on the basis of market exchange rates China will attain that glory in 2020. By the end of this decade, according to Daiwa Securities, GDP per person in Shanghai, China’s richest city, could be almost the same as the average for America in 2009. Now, officials and experts discuss endlessly whether China is slowly heading towards a â€Å"middleincome trap†. According to Economists 2011, China was already a lower-middle-income country in 2010, with a GDP per person of around $4,400. The fear is that it might suffer the same stagnation and turbulence as Latin American economies in the 1980s and 1990s. Nevertheless, with trend GDP growth in China slowing to around 8% a year from as high as 11% previously, it’s no wonder economists are asking whether it and other fast-growing Asian economies will fall victim to the middle-income trap. Income inequality The relationship between equity and development was thoroughly illustrated in  the World Bank’s World Development Report 2006: Equity and development. According to this famous report, equity means that individuals should have equal opportunities to pursue a life of their choosing and be spared from extreme deprivation in outcomes. The main message is that equity is complementary, in some fundamental respects, to the pursuit of long-term prosperity. Institutions and policies that promote a level playing field— where all members of society have similar chances to become socially active, politically influential, and economically productive— contribute to sustainable growth and development. Greater equity is thus doubly good for poverty reduction: through potential beneficial effects on aggregate long-run development and through greater opportunities for poorer groups within any society. The complementarities between equity and prosperity arise for two broad sets of reasons. First, there are many market failures in developing countries, notably in the markets for credit, insurance, land, and human capital. As a result, resources may not flow where returns are highest. The inequality of education is taken as an example in this report. Some highly capable children from poor family may fail to complete basic education even primary schooling, while others, who are less able, may finish university. When markets are missing or imperfect, the distributions of wealth and power affect the allocation of investment opportunities. Correcting the market failures is the ideal response; where this is not feasible, or far too costly, some forms of redistribution— of access to services, assets, or political influence—can increase economic efficiency. From the World Bank’s perspective, the second set of reasons why equity and long-term prosperity can be complementary arises from the fact that high levels of economic and political inequality tend to lead to economic institutions and social arrangements that systematically favor the interests of those with more influence. Such inequitable governments can generate economic costs. When personal and property rights are enforced only selectively, when budgetary allocations benefit mainly the politically influential, and when the distribution of public services favors the wealthy, both middle and poorer groups end up with unexploited talent. Society, as a whole, is then likely  to be more inefficient and to miss out on opportunities for innovation and investment, which will accordingly have negative impact on the economic development. At the global level, when developing countries have little or no voice in global governance, the rules can be inappropriate and costly for poorer countries. These adverse effects of unequal opportunities and political power on development are all the more damaging because economic, political, and social inequalities tend to reproduce themselves over time and across generations. Such phenomena was named by the economists of the World Bank as ‘â€Å"inequality traps’, as we mentioned in the very beginning. Disadvantaged children from families at the bottom of the wealth distribution do not have the same opportunities as children from wealthier families to receive quality education, which really does matter for a qualified labor force in the future. So these disadvantaged children can expect to earn less as adults. At the same time, because the poor have less voice in the political process, they—like their parents—will be less able to influence spending decisions to improve public schools for their children. And the cycle of underachievement continues. This report documents the persistence of these inequality traps by highlighting the interaction between different forms of inequality. It presents evidence that the inequality of opportunity that arises is wasteful and inimical to sustainable development and poverty reduction. It also derives policy implications that center on the broad concept of leveling the playing field— both politically and economically and in the domestic and the global arenas. If the opportunities faced by children from the poor families are so much more limited than those faced by children from wealthier families, and if this hurts development progress in the aggregate, then public action has a legitimate role in seeking to broaden the opportunities of those who face the most limited choices. Furthermore, this World Bank report addresses three considerations which are  important at the outset. First, while more even playing fields are likely to lead to lower observed inequalities in educational attainment, health status, and incomes, the policy aim is not equality in outcomes. Indeed, even with genuine equality of opportunities, one would always expect to observe some differences in outcomes owing to differences in preferences, talents, effort, and luck. This is consistent with the important role of income differences in providing incentives to invest in education and physical capital, to work, and to take risks. Of course outcomes matter, but we are concerned with them mainly for their influence on absolute deprivation and their role in shaping opportunities. Second, a concern with equality of opportunity implies that public action should focus on the distributions of assets, economic opportunities, and political voice, rather than directly on inequality in incomes. Policies can contribute to the move from an â€Å"inequality trap† to a virtuous circle of equity and growth by leveling the playing field—through greater investment in the human resources of the poorest; greater and more equal access to public services and information; guarantees on property rights for all; and greater fairness in markets. But policies to level the economic playing field face big challenges. There is unequal capacity to influence the policy agenda: the interests of the disenfranchised may never be voiced or represented. And when policies challenge privileges, powerful groups may seek to block reforms. Thus, equitable policies are more likely to be successful when leveling the economic playing field is accompanied by similar efforts to level the domestic political playing field and introduce greater fairness in global governance. Third, there may be various short-run, policy-level tradeoffs between equity and efficiency. These are well recognized and extensively documented. The point is that the (often implicit) cost-benefit calculus that policymakers use to assess the merits of various policies too often ignores the long-term, hard-to-measure but real benefits of greater equity. Greater equity implies more efficient economic functioning, reduced conflict, greater trust, and better institutions, with dynamic benefits for investment  and growth. To the extent that such benefits are ignored, policymakers may end up choosing too little equity. As emphasized by the World Bank, income inequality is not all. However, as a lot of people believe, the greatest challenge ahead is still income inequality. All attempts will fail if this greatest challenge is not tackled. As state redistributive mechanisms have been weakened in the transition toward a market-oriented economy, China has turned into one of the most unequal countries in the world. Inequality, if not reduced, will be a huge barrier of future growth as it undermines consumption, constrains development in poorer regions, and generates social tensions. Income redistribution policies and social safety nets need to be strengthened to close the inequality gap, through increased budget support and improved government’s transfers to poorer provinces and households. In China, the gap between the rich and the poor and between cities and countryside has continued to widen. Since 2003, absolute poverty has dropped remarkably. But at the same time, the number of people in relative poverty (with 50% or less of the median income) grew from 12.2% of the population to 14.6% between 2002 and 2007, according to research by Terry Sicular of the University of Western Ontario and Li Shi and Luo Chuliang of Beijing Normal University. In addition, in 1981, at least 77 per cent of Chinese were in absolute poverty (that is, with family incomes below $1.25 a day). By 2008 this figure had fallen to 13 per cent. But, the bank notes, a far, far smaller group of people have been able to rise above $2 a day, and hundreds of millions appear stuck in this awkward space between the end of starvation and the beginning of actual comfort and hope. Wang Xiaolu, the economist of national economic institution of China reform foundation, thoroughly elaborated the inequality and economic development in China in his 2006 report. Wang mentioned in his report that before China’s economic reforms, the income gap between urban residents was quite small due to the unified wage policy. On the other hand, in rural areas, the income  gap within one region was relatively small. But there was a very large urban rural income gap, as well as significant differences between different regions. To demonstrate the income gap, let us take a look at China’s Gini coefficient. This index is a measurement of the income distribution of a country’s residents. The number, which ranges between 0 and 1 and is based on residents’ net income, helps define the gap between the rich and the poor, with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 representing perfect inequality. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, in 1980 when wa s the very early stage of the economic reforms, China’s Gini coefficient stood at 0.320, which is quite low and indicates a more equal distribution of wealth. After the rural reforms in the early 1980s, farmers’ income significantly increased which led to the reduction of the urban-rural income gap. The Gini coefficient once dropped to 0.257 in 1984, which meant China had been into the more equal income countries ranks of the world. However, in the subsequent period of China economic reforms, the income gap between urban and rural areas, different regions, and different social strata is rapidly expanding regardless the acceleration of economic growth, the rapidly increasing of per capita income. Until 2001, the Gini coefficient reached 0.447, ranking 88 in the world’s 120 countries and regions in the order from low to high. Most of the countries behind China are those in Latin America and Africa with intense social conflicts, of which a considerable part is in a long-term economic stagnation (data from the World Bank, 2004; World Institute for Development Economics, 2004). In recent yearly the situation might be worse. This index has been retreating gradually since hitting a peak of 0.491 in 2008, slight ly dropping to 0.49 in 2009, 0.481 in 2010 and 0.477 in 2011, according to the National Bureau of Statistics. Most recently, the Gini index reflecting the gap between rich and poor reached 0.474 in China in 2012, which is still higher than the warning level of 0.4 set by the United Nations. According to the data from the National Bureau of Statistics, in terms of the urban rural income gap in China, the urban per capita disposable income is 2.5 times of the rural per capita net income in 1980, 1.9 times in 1985 and 3.2 times in 2004. With the data mentioned above, if we use the average urban per capita income of each province to measure regional income gaps, we could find out that the figure of eastern regions is 1.3 times of that of western regions in 1980 and 1.5 times in 2004. The statistics are incomplete in terms of the income gap among different social strata, but the huge inequality is an indisputable fact. If we look at urban per capita income in 1985, the highest 10% of households in the income is 2.9 times of the lowest 10% of households in; while in 2004 the highest is 8.7 times of the lowest. If we look at rural per capita income in 1980, the highest 10% is about 7 times of the lowest 10% (rough estimate number), up to approximately 11 times in 2004 (rough estimate number). We should also take into account that household income and expenditure survey for the highest and the lowest income residents are more likely to be missed, as well as high income underreporting of cases. As a result, the actual income gap will be larger than the income gap based on surveys. More than likely the increasingly widen of income disparities between different classes has become the primary factor of income inequality. Growing gap in income distribution is seriously ch allenging the social justice, which easily leads to social instability and economic stagnation. In addition, we must pay great attention to the rich caused by corruption and other non- normal channels and the poor caused by unfair distribution of wealth (such as landless farmers and laid-off workers are not properly compensated, etc. ), which are the important reasons of the widening income gap and induction of social conflict. As we mentioned above, a lot of researchers and economists further noted that the distribution of income reversely has a very important impact to economic growth and severe income inequality will hinder economic growth (e.g. Galor and Zeira 1993and Bourguignon 2003). In a situation of economic stagnation, poverty and income inequality become more difficult to resolve, which turns to be an important reason of pushing many economies into Middle-Income Trap. In several studies of the World Bank in recent years, the economist point out that economic growth plays a decisive influence in reducing poverty, but its effect varies in different. Meanwhile, economic growth shows no significant role in reducing income gaps. In contrast, if the income gap is too large, it will indeed lead to frequent social conflict and accordingly directly affect economic growth. Therefore, for the eradication of poverty and reduction of the huge income gap, the economic growth is a necessary, but only economic growth is not enough (The World Bank reports, 2000, 2003 and 2004). In a research of Wang Xiaolu and Fan Gang in 2005, it was concluded that China’s urban residents’ income gap, rural residents’ income gap as well as the income gap between urban and rural areas have continued to widen with a clear trend, but data of their study does not confirm that the income gap will automatically have the tendency to shrink when per capita GDP reaches a certain level. If the income gap continues to expand, China’s Gini coefficient of income will soon break 0.5 (some articles have concluded that in fact it has exceeded 0.5), and China will become one of the world’s most unequal countries in terms of income. Generally, equality and efficiency may be alternative of each other. The increase of equality in the distribution of income will lead to a decline in economic efficiency, which in some cases exists. However, if several factors discussed below are adjusted, the economic efficiency will not be lost, and the wealth equality will c ontinue to be improved. First, social security is an important measure of reducing the income gap, as it can provide protection and assistance to residents to reduce their financial burden or increase their income when they are in the face of illness, unemployment, retirement and low income, etc. But this approach is constrained by the level of economic development. As Wang and Fan point out in their report, social security and transfer payments beyond the affordability will result in heavy social burden and negatively affect economic development, investment and employment initiative. At present, China’s pension insurance, basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance and minimum living security system are still running in a very low level, and only conditionally implemented in urban areas and a few rural areas. Fully implementing these social securities in all rural areas will go beyond the current financial affordability. Even in cities and towns, the current  social security system does not play an active role in reducing the income gap. On the contrary, it has the effect of widening the income gap between urban residents. This is mainly because this social security system is still with a considerable degree of coverage limitations, particularly in the low income people and the mobile labor force. More importantly, the population without coverage is precisely the low income population which is most in need of social protection by these insurance systems. On the other hand, high income residents benefit from these social security systems significantly higher than low income residents. According to a survey of the National Economic Research Institute, the Medicare reimbursement for medical expenses in low income urban residents is much lower than that in high income urban residents. Moreover, the proportion of Medicare reimbursement for the former is lower than the latter, while the proportion of self-paid medical expense in the expenditure for the former is significantly higher than the latter. Therefore, how to ensure the current social security systems to cover urban workers not in the social security system yet as soon as possible will be a critical issue to be addressed. At the same time, social security issues of rural residents need certainly also be placed on the agenda as soon as possible. Long-term difference in treatment between urban and rural residents is not fair. However, this issue needs a longer period of time to gradually resolve due to limited financial resources. A few wealthy rural regions have already established a unified social security system conditions. For residents of most rural areas, although the conditions of establishment of a comprehensive social security system are not mutual, some pressing issues still need to be prioritized to solve, such as the problem of farmers have no money to see a doctor. The new rural cooperative medical care system needs to be quickly spread. Experiences of some rural areas have demonstrated that cooperative medical care system is very effective to protect the low income population. On the other hand, according to international experience, financial transfer payment is also one of the main approaches to eliminate the income gap and regional disparity. As Wang Xiaolu points out in his report in 2006, in this regard in China, in addition to financial support for agriculture, pension  and social welfare and supporting underdeveloped regions expenditures, tax return from central government to local government as well as the construction investment of key projects in the less developed regions, in fact, have been performed financial transfer payment function. The total amount of financial transfer payment is quite large. However, some studies have found that financial transfer payment did not play a significant role in reducing income disparities and regional development gaps. In Wang’s opinion, this is mainly caused by the following reasons, First, the transfer payments are lacking of a rigorous and standardized system as well as standards of implementation. Hence the transfer payments’ strongly subjective profile makes their role in reducing income disparities and regional development gaps greatly reduced. Second, the transfer payments do not have clear objectives and their structures are not reasonable. The proportion of the transfer payments for general investment projects and government expenditures is too high while that for alleviating poverty and decreasing the bottle neck of development of backward areas (such as insufficient education and other public expenditure, weak infrastructure, etc. All of those are impediments to economic development) underfunded. It makes the transfer payments difficult to play a critical role in reducing the income gap. Third, there are no strict and effective measures to oversee the usage as well as the effect of transfer payments. For example, in some poor areas, the government poverty alleviation and disaster relief funds were frequently misappropriated to cover office buildings, luxury cars and government staff bonuses. Due to lack of management and supervision, some of the earmarks turned into waste, and provided the chances for some rent-seeking and  corrupt government officials. Therefore, for transfer payments, the main problems now seem not to be the quantity, but rather setting up clear objectives and rationalization of the system to regulate the management and to strengthen supervision. These measures will reduce the income gap. At the same time, they will not reduce economic efficiency, but improve efficiency, reduce corruption and promote development. In addition to social security system and financial transfer payments, education and infrastructure also play the similarly important role in the relationship of equality and economic efficiency. According to Wang’s research, many domestic and foreign literatures have pointed out that education plays a crucial role in the promotion of economic development; moreover, education to the whole population helps to reduce the income gap. In 2004 the National Economic Research Institute conducted a survey on the income of mobile labor force. Across the country, 3,000 randomly selected migrant workers and self-employed persons from rural areas were classified according to the average monthly income. The results are as following: for those not graduated from primary school the average monthly income is 769 yuan, for primary school graduated 815 yuan, for junior high school graduated 960 yuan, for high school graduated 1268 yuan, for college and above 1554 yuan. This very clearly illustrates the level of education greatly impacts on income levels. Obviously, improving education is a fundamental way to improve the employability and income levels of low income population. On one hand, currently there are hundreds of millions of rural labor force migrates into cities and towns to work. On the other hand, there are three hundred million people who are still engaged in agriculture, with wages of a small fraction of the average urban per capita. They are waiting to continue to transfer to cities. But most of them are facing low level of education, lack of vocational skills and oversupply in the labor market. Meanwhile, a lot of city workers returned to the status of poverty due to layoffs and unemployment. It’s very difficult for them to get reemployment because of the lack of professional skills. However, the labor market needs workers with a higher level of education and professional skills but has to facing  the reality of supply shortage. Therefore, in order to narrowing the income gap, it is very critical to enhance the popularity of primary and secondary education and expanding vocational education. In Wang’s research, he found out that China’s per capita level of education exhibits unexpected negative impact on urban residents income gap. Surprisingly, higher level of education led to a widening income gap. This is a strong signal that China’s education -age population is facing unequal educational opportunities, and educational opportunities for high income groups are significantly greater than the low income population. As a result, the per capita level of education increases, while the income gap has not narrowed. Instead, the income inequality is expanding. If we look at the popularization of compulsory nine years education in China, you will find in recent years, pupils’ dropout rate in rural areas was significantly higher than that in urban areas, with many dropout of school due to poverty situation in rural areas. This point can also be reflected from the allocation of education funds. Especially a few key universities get large amount of fund s, while a great number of rural primary and secondary education underfunded. Compared the situation in 2003 with that in 1999, the state financial allocations to universities increased by 40.4 billion yuan (in another word, increase 85%), while state financial allocations to ordinary primary and junior high schools increased by 52.5 billion yuan (increase 79%) and 49.8 billion yuan (increase of 65%), respectively. Although the situation has improved to various degrees, but this increase did not exceed the revenue and expenditure growth rate (90% and 87%). Even so, in 2003 the national average education budget per 420,000 primary schools is only less than 30 million, of which the budget allocation in rural schools is far less than that of urban schools. Some individual prestigious university obtained an education funding up to ten billion. Excessively unbalanced distribution of educational resources not only will exacerbate income inequality, but also is not helpful for efficient allocation of education resources. Another educational problem to be solved is how to correctly handle the relationship of general education and vocational education. Although in China currently there’re more than 4million people each year go into  colleges for education, but there are also more than 17 million people directly get employment without higher education. For the labor market, each year the number of demand for workers with the level of secondary education as well as specialized skills far exceeds in number of the demand for college graduates. However, the current dominant position of general secondary education is still basically to provide students into college In another word, the main objective of general secondary schools is the examination-oriented education and does not pay attention to skills training. The dominant ideology of the entire education system is to measure the success of education by entering the university or not. Four out of five school-age youth entered the labor market as the losers of their education. This reality has incalculable negative impact on workers’ skills, work ethic and healthy psychology, according to Wang’s report. At the same time, secondary vocational and other professional education live in a subordinate position in the education system, with very limited quantity. Compared the situation in 2003 with that in 1999, the state financial allocations to secondary vocational schools increased by 300 million yuan (an increase of 2.5%), and state financial allocations to technical schools decreased by 400 million yuan (down 16% )and vocational schools increased by 3 billion (an increase of 42% increase ). These increases are negligible compared to the funding’s growth of universities and ordinary primary and secondary. Such education dislocation makes the most of new entrants to the labor market is lacking of professional skills, and their low level knowledge on employment helps rather limited. In addition, local education and vocational education system’s exclusion for migrant workers and their children is also need to be carefully addressed. Like South Korea, China needs to focus on creating a highly qualified workforce so that they can increase innovation. South Korea adopted a policy to intensify investments in education and innovation in preparation for this. This policy aided South Korea in developing a plan for long term growth as opposed to short term consumption driven growth. Meanwhile, the World Bank has just released its detailed report: China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society. In this report the World Bank believes that the export-led model that has delivered the past  30-years of growth and development in China has now run its course. From the World Bank’s perspective, China can only succeed in becoming a modern, high income country if it implements a six-step series of reforms. Not surprisingly, to increase innovation and to reduce inequality are among these six reforms as following, ï‚ · Accelerate the pace of innovation and create an open innovation system in which competitive pressures encourage Chinese firms to engage in product and process innovation not only through their own research and development but also by participating in global research and development networks. Essentially, the World Bank recommends that China seek to move away from being an imitator to an innovator in its own right. Reducing inequality by expanding opportunities and promoting social security for all by facilitating equal access to jobs, finance, quality social services, and portable social security. With regard to infrastructure construction in recent years, transportation, communication and other conditions as well as the urban landscape have significantly improved. But we should note the imbalance in the allocation of resources. In many areas, much more emphasis and attentions were put on the facade construction, highway construction and urban centers transformation than that on rural infrastructure in remote areas. On the one hand, highways are vacant or rarely used in some less developed regions. On the other hand, there are 173 towns and more than 50,000 administrative villages still inaccessible by road, the latter accounting for 8% of the total number of administrative villages across the whole country, according to Wang’s research. For these remote areas, the weak infrastructure is an important cause leading to poverty and backwardness. In summary, China’s development level is still at the low level. Hoping to rely on transfer payments to drastically eliminate the income gap is unrealistic. What the governments should focus on is to provide more equal opportunities and conditions in education, infrastructure and other areas. Investment in these  areas will provide human resources and infrastructure supply better meeting the social and market needs. By doing them, it is entirely possible to improve residents’ economic situation. China is facing the continually widen income gap. If this critical issue could be reasonably resolved, Chinese social justice, harmony and long term economic development will be able to be ensured. . Otherwise, China may turn into a society with huge income gap, serious social conflict, power and money collusion, corruption and plunder prevailed, which will eventually result in economic stagnation. Middle-income trap will be impossible to avoid in this case. As we mentioned above, there are several factors leading to the current expansion of the income gap or blocking reduction of the income gap. These factors include that social security system is not sound, the financial transfer payment system is with flaw, educational opportunities are not fair enough, the education system is not conducive to the promotion of employment, weak infrastructure in rural and backward areas, lack of job opportunities as well as the irrational distribution of resources and corruption and other social in equities due to the not perfect system. To resolve these issues, it’s urgent to perform further reform and development. The following most crucial problems need to be addressed: to solve the fairness of education, to solve the disjointed issues between educations, economic development as well as employment, to create more job opportunities through economic development and urbanization, to correct government’s action, eventually eliminates the problem of corruption and unfair distribution through administrative reform. Resolving these problems not only will not affect economic efficiency, but also will ensure the impartiality of Chinese social harmony, economic efficiency and long-term sustainable development.